How is "air flow resistance" defined in pneumatics?

In pneumatics, "air flow resistance" is defined as the opposition to air flow that results from factors such as friction within the components of the system and changes in the direction of the air flow. This resistance can arise from various elements, including valves, filters, fittings, and tubing, all of which can impede the smooth passage of air. When air travels through these components, it encounters friction between the moving air and the surfaces of the pneumatic system, as well as potential turbulence that may occur when the air changes direction or encounters an obstruction.

Understanding air flow resistance is crucial because it directly affects the efficiency of the pneumatic system, influencing both the performance and energy consumption. High resistance can lead to reduced flow rates, increased energy required to maintain the desired flow, and potentially increased wear on system components.